A skybox world (cube maps are optional) exists as a background scene to make your game look and feel complete. They can also easily be incorporated into your game as demonstrated in the video below. However, two important restrictions apply, which are…
Additionally, by rendering a sky-sphere or a sky-quad – you’re creating a sky-world that’s every bit as real as a skybox. And although a sky-quad does indeed require graphics programming – cubes and spheres require nothing more than applying the 360-degree view of the scene.
#include <glad/glad.h> // GLAD: https://github.com/Dav1dde/glad ... GLAD 2 also works via the web-service: https://gen.glad.sh/ (leaving all checkbox options unchecked) #include <GLFW/glfw3.h> #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION #include "stb_image.h" // OpenGL Mathematics(GLM) ... https://github.com/g-truc/glm/blob/master/manual.md // ------------------------------------ // GLM Headers // ------------------ #include <glm/glm.hpp> // Include all GLM core. // #include <glm/ext.hpp> // Include all GLM extensions. #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp> // Specific extensions. #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp> #include <assimp/Importer.hpp> #include <assimp/scene.h> #include <assimp/postprocess.h> #include <vector> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> // Used in "shader_configure.h" to read the shader text files. #include "shader_configure.h" #include "load_meshes_binary.h" // Passed to: Callback_Functions // ---------------------------------------- #include "window_params.h" #include "player_control.h" #include "shadow_maps.h" #include "cubemap_skybox.h" // Could be passed to callback functions if wanted. #include "callback_functions.h" void show_FPS(std::vector<Model>& model_list, double& time, int& skip); // Function prototype. int main() { // (1) Create window // ------------------------ Window_Params window_params; // Only use parentheses if the constructor has parameters. // (2) Compile Shaders Read from Text Files // ------------------------------------------------------ const char* vert_shader_main = "../../Shaders/main_shader.vert"; const char* frag_shader_main = "../../Shaders/main_shader.frag"; const char* vert_shader_skybox = "../../Shaders/skybox_shader.vert"; const char* frag_shader_skybox = "../../Shaders/skybox_shader.frag"; Shader main_shader(vert_shader_main, frag_shader_main); Shader skybox_shader(vert_shader_skybox, frag_shader_skybox); main_shader.use(); // (3) Initiate the Player // ---------------------------- Player player(window_params.init_window_width, window_params.init_window_height, main_shader); // (4) Set Each Light's Camera Parameters // ---------------------------------------------------- glm::vec3 persp_light_pos(-12.0f, 12.0f, -22.0f); glm::vec3 persp_light_target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); float shadow_cam_FOV = 90.0f; Shadow light_source_0(main_shader, persp_light_pos, persp_light_target, shadow_cam_FOV); // Perspective. glm::vec3 orth_light_pos(5.0f, 12.0f, -19.0f); glm::vec3 orth_light_target(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); float left = -15.0f; float right = 15.0f; float bottom = -15.0f; float top = 15.0f; Shadow light_source_1(main_shader, orth_light_pos, orth_light_target, left, right, bottom, top); // Orthographic. unsigned int light_ID_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "light_ID"); unsigned int light_count_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "light_count"); unsigned int rendering_shadow_map_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "rendering_shadow_map"); // (5) Set GLFW Callback Function Pointers // ----------------------------------------------------- Callback_Functions callback_state(player, light_source_0, window_params); glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window_params.window, &callback_state); glfwSetJoystickUserPointer(GLFW_JOYSTICK_1, &callback_state); // (6) Load Blender Models // -------------------------------- // https://www.turbosquid.com/Search/3D-Models/free/commercial (Free Models) // Note: remember to delete at least one of a particular model's files within the relevant model folder after modifying it within Blender (Watch: Model Loading Tutorial Part 3) // Model black_smith("Object & Material Files\\black_smith.obj", main_shader, 0); // Draw method: 0 = multiple meshes... 1 = combined (5 VBOs) ... 2 = combined (1 VBO) // Model helicopter("Object & Material Files\\The_Beast_Helicopter.obj", main_shader, 1); Model aeroplane("Object & Material Files\\Plane_CAP_232.obj", main_shader, 0); Model flat_plane("Object & Material Files\\flat_plane_with_image.obj", main_shader, 1); Model light_0("Object & Material Files\\light.obj", main_shader, 2); Model light_1("Object & Material Files\\light.obj", main_shader, 0); Model frustum("Object & Material Files\\frustum.obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Wooden Motel 8K (Shaded Flipped Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Wooden Motel 16K (Shaded Flipped Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Canary Wharf 16K (Shaded Flipped Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Sunny Vondelpar 16K (Shaded Flipped Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Aviation Museum 16K (Sphere Shaded Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Pool 16K (Sphere Shaded Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); // Model skybox_scene("Object & Material Files\\Skybox Lythwood Field 16K (Sphere Shaded Correct).obj", main_shader, 1); std::vector<Model> model_list; // Used in: show_FPS() further down. model_list.push_back(aeroplane); model_list.push_back(flat_plane); model_list.push_back(light_0); model_list.push_back(light_1); model_list.push_back(frustum); // model_list.push_back(skybox_scene); unsigned int model_number_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "model_number"); // (7) Skybox: Textured In Blender // ----------------------------------------- /*float explode_cube_val = 0; int explode_dir = 0; unsigned skybox_explode_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "skybox_explode"); float cube_size_val = 1.0f; unsigned skybox_scale_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "skybox_scale"); glm::vec3 skybox_position = player.curr_camera_position; glm::mat4 skybox_position_mat(1.0f); skybox_position_mat = glm::translate(skybox_position_mat, skybox_position); unsigned skybox_position_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "skybox_position"); glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_position_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_position_mat));*/ // (8) Skybox: OpenGL "samplerCube" // ---------------------------------------------- skybox_shader.use(); Skybox skybox(skybox_shader, player); // (9) Main Model Random Spinning // -------------------------------------------- srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); // Initialise random seed. float x_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); // Generate random number between 1 and 10 float y_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); float z_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); float spin_speed = (float)(rand() % 5 + 1); // Cast is simply to silence the compiler warning. float spin_vary = 0.0f; int spin_dir = 1; glm::mat4 spinning_mat(1.0f); unsigned int spin_on_the_spot_mat_loc = glGetUniformLocation(main_shader.ID, "spin_on_the_spot_mat"); // (10) Enter the Main-Loop // --------------------------------- int skip = 0; // Used in: show_FPS() further down. double time = 0; while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window_params.window)) { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); main_shader.use(); // (11) Player & Lights Control // ------------------------------------ player.yaw_tilt_keys_val(window_params.window, 0.75f); // Comment to disable. // player.continuously_rotate_view(); // 1) Currently gets reset when moving the mouse... 2) Gets completely overridden if the line above is not commented. // light_source_0.rotate_transformation_matrix(); light_source_0.transform_light_position(); light_source_1.rotate_transformation_matrix(); light_source_1.transform_light_position(); // (12) Randomise the Model's Spinning Speed & Axis // ------------------------------------------------------------------- spin_vary += 0.05f * spin_dir; if (spin_vary > 6 || spin_vary < 0) { spin_dir = -spin_dir; // Reverse the spinning direction. x_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); y_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); z_spin = 1.0f / (rand() % 10 + 1); spin_speed = (float)(rand() % 50 + 1) / 20; } spinning_mat = glm::rotate(spinning_mat, glm::radians(spin_speed), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(x_spin, y_spin, z_spin))); glUniformMatrix4fv(spin_on_the_spot_mat_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(spinning_mat)); // Pass rotation matrix to vertex shader. // (13) Render Shadow Maps 1st... Draw Models 2nd // ------------------------------------------------------------------ // Render shadows (GLSL: 2.2.1 "When the type of internal state is boolean, zero integer or floating-point values are converted to FALSE and non-zero values are converted to TRUE") glUniform1i(rendering_shadow_map_loc, true); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 0); // Send light ID to vertex shader whenever 1) Changing light source which is used for shadow rendering... or 2) Drawing the light or frustum model. glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); light_source_0.render_model_shadow(aeroplane, true); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); light_source_0.render_model_shadow(flat_plane, false); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 1); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); light_source_1.render_model_shadow(aeroplane, true); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); light_source_1.render_model_shadow(flat_plane, false); glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // This is the final depth buffer bit clear after rendering the shadows (i.e. this clear is also called in: render_model_shadow()) glUniform1i(rendering_shadow_map_loc, false); // Render models. // Draw the skybox first for when looking at it through transparent objects // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Use "samplerCube" to draw cubemap skybox // ------------------------------------------------------------ skybox_shader.use(); skybox.keys_control_skybox_size(window_params.window); skybox.draw_skybox(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); // Comment this line if drawing skybox as usual as below. // Draw skybox as usual, i.e. Blender model via: load_meshes_binary.h // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ main_shader.use(); // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Comment from here... //int key3 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_3); //int key4 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_4); //int key5 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_5); //if (key3 == GLFW_PRESS) // explode_dir = -1; //if (key4 == GLFW_PRESS) // explode_dir = 1; //if (explode_dir != 0) //{ // if (key5 == GLFW_PRESS) // explode_cube_val += 1.75f * explode_dir; // Explode fast. // else // explode_cube_val += 0.25f * explode_dir; // Explode slow. // explode_dir = 0; // glUniform1f(skybox_explode_loc, explode_cube_val); //} //int key6 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_6); //int key7 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_7); //if (key6 == GLFW_PRESS) // cube_size_val -= 0.005f; //if (key7 == GLFW_PRESS) // cube_size_val += 0.005f; //glm::mat4 cube_size_mat(1.0f); //cube_size_mat = glm::scale(cube_size_mat, glm::vec3(cube_size_val, cube_size_val, cube_size_val)); //glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_scale_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(cube_size_mat)); //int key8 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_8); //int key9 = glfwGetKey(window_params.window, GLFW_KEY_9); //if (key8 == GLFW_PRESS) // Move skybox position to player's camera position. //{ // skybox_position += 0.05f * (player.curr_camera_position - skybox_position); // 0.05f Produces a gradual transition which takes about 1 or 2 seconds, rather than being there instantly. // skybox_position_mat = glm::mat4(1.0f); // skybox_position_mat = glm::translate(skybox_position_mat, skybox_position); // glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_position_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_position_mat)); //} //if (key9 == GLFW_PRESS) // Move player's camera position to skybox position. // player.curr_camera_position += 0.05f * (skybox_position - player.curr_camera_position); //// glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 5); // skybox_scene.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); //// glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Comment to here. // Now draw all the other models after the skybox // --------------------------------------------------------------- glUniform1ui(light_count_loc, 2); // Let both shaders know how many lights there are. This could be added to the: shadow_maps.h class. glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 0); // Likewise this could be added to the: load_meshes_binary.h class. aeroplane.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 1); flat_plane.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 0); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 2); light_0.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 4); frustum.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glUniform1ui(light_ID_loc, 1); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 3); light_1.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glUniform1ui(model_number_loc, 4); frustum.process_draw_calls(window_params.frame_buffer_width, window_params.frame_buffer_height); glfwSwapBuffers(window_params.window); glfwPollEvents(); // show_FPS(model_list, time, skip); } // (14) Exit the Application // -------------------------------- glDeleteProgram(main_shader.ID); // This OpenGL function call is talked about in: shader_configure.h // glfwDestroyWindow(window) // Call this function to destroy a specific window. glfwTerminate(); // Destroys all remaining windows and cursors, restores modified gamma ramps, and frees resources. exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Function call: exit() is a C/C++ function that performs various tasks to help clean up resources. } void show_FPS(std::vector<Model>& model_list, double& time, int& skip) { double prev_time = time; time = glfwGetTime(); float delta_time = (float)(time - prev_time); ++skip; // Avoids std::cout slowing down the program too much. if (skip == 60) // 60 Is simply so that for VSync 60FPS it displays here once per second (Any number is OK) { skip = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < model_list.size(); ++i) { if (model_list[i].draw_method == 0) std::cout << " Draw method: Multiple Meshes --- Draw calls: " << model_list[i].num_meshes << " --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; if (model_list[i].draw_method == 1) std::cout << " Draw method: 5VBO --- Draw calls: 1 --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; if (model_list[i].draw_method == 2) std::cout << " Draw method: 1VBO --- Draw calls: 1 --- Model name : " << model_list[i].model_name << "\n"; } std::cout << " FPS: " << ((1.0f / 60) / delta_time) * 60 << "\n\n"; } }
#pragma once // Instead of using include guards. class Shader { public: GLuint ID; // Public Program ID. // Constructor // --------------- Shader(const char* vert_path, const char* frag_path) { char character; std::ifstream vert_stream; std::ifstream frag_stream; std::string vert_string; std::string frag_string; // Read vertex shader text file // ------------------------------------ vert_stream.open(vert_path); // I decided not to implement: Exception handling try catch method. if (vert_stream.is_open()) // Note: There are various other methods for accessing the stream, i.e., vert_stream.get() is just one option. { while (vert_stream.get(character)) // Loop getting single characters until EOF (value false) is returned. vert_string += character; // "The first signature returns the character read, or the end-of-file value (EOF) if no characters are available in the stream..." vert_stream.close(); std::cout << "\n File: " << vert_path << " opened successfully.\n"; } else std::cout << "\n ERROR!... File: " << vert_path << " could not be opened.\n"; // Read fragment shader text file // ---------------------------------------- frag_stream.open(frag_path); if (frag_stream.is_open()) { while (frag_stream.get(character)) frag_string += character; frag_stream.close(); std::cout << " File: " << frag_path << " opened successfully.\n\n"; } else std::cout << " ERROR!... File: " << frag_path << " could not be opened.\n\n"; // std::cout << vert_string << "\n\n"; // Output the shader files to display in the console window. // std::cout << frag_string << "\n\n"; const char* vert_pointer = vert_string.c_str(); const char* frag_pointer = frag_string.c_str(); // Compile shaders // ---------------------- GLuint vert_shad, frag_shad; // Declare in here locally. Being attached to the public Program ID allows the shaders to be used publicly. // Create vertex shader // --------------------------- vert_shad = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); glShaderSource(vert_shad, 1, &vert_pointer, NULL); glCompileShader(vert_shad); check_shaders_program(vert_shad, "vert_shader"); // Create fragment shader // ------------------------------- frag_shad = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER); glShaderSource(frag_shad, 1, &frag_pointer, NULL); glCompileShader(frag_shad); check_shaders_program(frag_shad, "frag_shader"); // Create shader program // ------------------------------ ID = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(ID, vert_shad); // This also avoids deletion via: glDeleteShader(vert_shad) as called below. glAttachShader(ID, frag_shad); glLinkProgram(ID); check_shaders_program(ID, "shader_program"); // Note: Flagging the program object for deletion before calling "glUseProgram" would accidentally stop the program installation of the rendering state // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- glDeleteShader(vert_shad); // Flag shader object for automatic deletion (freeing memory) when no longer attached to a program object... glDeleteShader(frag_shad); // ... program object is deleted (glDeleteProgram ) within: main() when the application ends. // glUseProgram(ID); // Typically this is called within: main() to select individual shaders that have been created. // glDeleteProgram(ID); // Alternatively the program object can be deleted here after 1st calling: glUseProgram(ID) } // Activate the shader // ------------------------- void use() { glUseProgram(ID); // Function called from within main() to select an individual shader to be used. } private: // Check shader compilations and program object for linking errors // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- void check_shaders_program(GLuint type, std::string name) { int success; int error_log_size; char info_log[1000]; // 1000 characters max. Typically it's less than 500 even for multiple shader errors. if (name == "vert_shader" || name == "frag_shader") { glGetShaderiv(type, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success); if (!success) { glGetShaderInfoLog(type, 1024, &error_log_size, info_log); std::cout << "\n--- Shader Compilation Error: " << name << "\n\n" << info_log << "\n" << "Error Log Number of Characters: " << error_log_size << "\n\n"; } } else // "shader_program" { glGetProgramiv(type, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success); if (!success) { glGetProgramInfoLog(type, 1024, &error_log_size, info_log); std::cout << "\n--- Program Link Error: " << name << "\n\n" << info_log << "\n" << "Error Log Number of Characters: " << error_log_size << "\n"; } } } };
#pragma once // Instead of using include guards. Assimp::Importer importer; // https://assimp-docs.readthedocs.io/en/v5.1.0/ ... (An older Assimp website: http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/index.html) const aiScene* scene = nullptr; aiNode* root_node = nullptr; // Only being used in the: load_model_cout_console() function. class Model { private: struct Mesh { unsigned int VAO, VBO1, VBO2, VBO3, EBO; // Buffer handles (Typically type: GLuint is used) std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_positions; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_normals; std::vector<glm::vec2> tex_coords; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; unsigned int mesh_num; // Add a uniform if wanting to use mesh_num via: draw_multiple_meshes() unsigned int tex_handle; }; struct Texture { unsigned int tex_handle; unsigned int sampler_location; std::string image_name; }; // ------------------------------ struct Meshes_5VBO_Combined { unsigned int VAO, VBO1, VBO2, VBO3, VBO4, VBO5, EBO; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_positions; std::vector<glm::vec3> vert_normals; std::vector<glm::vec2> tex_coords; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; std::vector<unsigned int> mesh_num; std::vector<unsigned int> sampler_array_pos; }; // ------------------------------ struct Vertex { glm::vec3 vert_position; glm::vec3 vert_normal; glm::vec2 tex_coords; unsigned int mesh_num; unsigned int sampler_array_pos; }; struct Meshes_1VBO_Combined { unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<unsigned int> vert_indices; std::vector<Vertex> vertex_data; }; // ------------------------------ bool binary_version_found; std::vector<Texture> texture_list; std::vector<Mesh> mesh_list; Meshes_1VBO_Combined meshes_1VBO_combined; Meshes_5VBO_Combined meshes_5VBO_combined; Shader& shader; unsigned int draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val; unsigned int rendering_multiple_meshes_loc; // Uniform required because multiple meshes (draw method 0) doesn't pass mesh number via shader input attribute. unsigned int meshes_combined_loc; public: std::string model_name; // Public because used in: show_FPS() within main.cpp unsigned int num_meshes; unsigned int draw_method; Model(const char* model_path, Shader& main_shader, unsigned draw_method) : shader(main_shader) // Constructor { model_name = model_path; this->draw_method = draw_method; // --------------------------------------------- configure_draw_calls(model_path); } void process_draw_calls(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { if (draw_method == 0) draw_multiple_meshes(buffer_width, buffer_height); if (draw_method == 1) draw_meshes_combined_5VBO(buffer_width, buffer_height); if (draw_method == 2) draw_meshes_combined_1VBO(buffer_width, buffer_height); } private: void configure_draw_calls(std::string model_path) { rendering_multiple_meshes_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "rendering_multiple_meshes"); meshes_combined_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "meshes_combined"); if (draw_method == 0) { load_model(model_path); // Uncomment only one of these two load model functions. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "images[0]"); } if (draw_method == 1) { binary_version_found = look_for_model_5VBO(model_path); if (binary_version_found) { std::cout << "\n Binary model found (5VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n ********************************************************\n\n"; // Measure Loading Time (5VBO) // ---------------------------------------- double time_before_binary = glfwGetTime(); read_model_files_5VBO(model_path); std::cout << " Time taken to read binary files (5VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_binary << "\n\n"; double time_before_textures = glfwGetTime(); load_file_name_images(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); std::cout << "\n Time taken to load textures (5VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_textures << "\n\n"; populate_sampler_array_setup(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); // Includes calls to: glGetUniformLocation() } else { std::cout << "\n Did not find usable binary model (5VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n **********************************************************************\n\n"; load_model(model_path); // Load model via Assimp. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); combine_meshes_5VBO(); // Vertex data as... vector lists. write_model_files_5VBO(model_path); populate_sampler_array_setup(texture_list); } set_buffer_data_combined_5VBO(); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } if (draw_method == 2) { binary_version_found = look_for_model_1VBO(model_path); if (binary_version_found) { std::cout << "\n Binary model found (1VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n ********************************************************\n\n"; // Measure Loading Time (1VBO) // ---------------------------------------- double time_before_binary = glfwGetTime(); read_model_files_1VBO(model_path); std::cout << " Time taken to read binary files (1VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_binary << "\n\n"; double time_before_textures = glfwGetTime(); load_file_name_images(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); std::cout << "\n Time taken to load textures (1VBO): " << glfwGetTime() - time_before_textures << "\n\n"; populate_sampler_array_setup(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); // Includes calls to: glGetUniformLocation() } else { std::cout << "\n Did not find usable binary model (1VBO) Path: " << model_path; std::cout << "\n **********************************************************************\n\n"; load_model(model_path); // Load model via Assimp. // load_model_cout_console(model_path); combine_meshes_1VBO(); // Vertex data as... struct lists. write_model_files_1VBO(model_path); populate_sampler_array_setup(texture_list); } set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO(); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } } void populate_sampler_array_setup(std::vector<Texture>& texture_list) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { std::string index_num = std::to_string(i); std::string sampler_name = "images[" + index_num + "]"; // Sampler location set below is received here via texture list (by reference) // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ texture_list[i].sampler_location = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, sampler_name.c_str()); } } void load_model(std::string model_path) { // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/postprocess_8h.html (See: aiPostProcessSteps) (Flag options) scene = importer.ReadFile(model_path, aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices | aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs); if (!scene || !scene->mRootNode || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE) std::cout << "Assimp importer.ReadFile (Error) -- " << importer.GetErrorString() << "\n"; else { num_meshes = scene->mNumMeshes; mesh_list.resize(num_meshes); aiMesh* mesh{}; unsigned int total_num_vertices = 0; unsigned int total_num_indices = 0; // (1) Loop through all the model's meshes // ----------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { mesh_list[i].mesh_num = i; // Fed in to vertex shader as an input attribute (Used to identify and transform meshes independently of one another) mesh = scene->mMeshes[i]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_mesh.html std::cout << " mesh_list[i].mesh_num: " << mesh_list[i].mesh_num << "\n"; total_num_vertices += mesh->mNumVertices; // std::cout << " Mesh: " << i << " --- mesh[i].mNumVertices: " << mesh->mNumVertices << "\n"; aiMaterial* material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_material.html unsigned int tex_count = 0; // This loop will only run once (i.e. there's only 1 texture per mesh) for (; tex_count < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); ++tex_count) // Also, only using: aiTextureType_DIFFUSE. { aiString string; material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string); // Acquire the name of the image file to be loaded. // (2) Load mesh [i]'s texture if not already loaded // --------------------------------------------------------------- int already_loaded = is_image_loaded(string.C_Str()); // Returns -1 if texture Not already loaded, otherwise returns Existing texture handle. if (already_loaded == -1) // Image not yet loaded so now attempt to load it. { bool load_success = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(string.C_Str(), load_success); // Notice the UPPER case "C_Str()" if (load_success) // Although do nothing if the image fails to load. { Texture texture; texture.image_name = string.C_Str(); texture.tex_handle = texture_handle; texture_list.push_back(texture); mesh_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; } std::cout << "\n"; } else mesh_list[i].tex_handle = already_loaded; // Assign existing texture handle. } if (tex_count == 0) { mesh_list[i].tex_handle = 0; // std::cout << " material->GetTexture(...) No image has been applied to this mesh\n"; } // (3) Loop through all mesh [i]'s vertices // --------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh->mNumVertices; ++i2) { glm::vec3 position{}; position.x = mesh->mVertices[i2].x; position.y = mesh->mVertices[i2].y; position.z = mesh->mVertices[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_positions.push_back(position); if (mesh->HasNormals()) { glm::vec3 normal{}; normal.x = mesh->mNormals[i2].x; normal.y = mesh->mNormals[i2].y; normal.z = mesh->mNormals[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(normal); } else mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)); if (mesh->HasTextureCoords(0)) // Only slot [0] is in question. { glm::vec2 tex_coords{}; tex_coords.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].x; tex_coords.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].y; mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(tex_coords); } else mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f)); } // (4) Loop through all mesh [i]'s Indices // -------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < mesh->mNumFaces; ++i3) { for (unsigned int i4 = 0; i4 < mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; ++i4) mesh_list[i].vert_indices.push_back(mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4]); total_num_indices += mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; } set_buffer_data(i); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } std::cout << "\n Assimp... total_num_vertices: " << total_num_vertices << "\n"; std::cout << " Assimp... total_num_indices: " << total_num_indices << "\n\n"; } } void load_model_cout_console(std::string model_path) { // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/postprocess_8h.html (See: aiPostProcessSteps) (Flag options) scene = importer.ReadFile(model_path, aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices | aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs); // Briefly looking at the node structure // ------------------------------------------------ if (!scene || !scene->mRootNode || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE) std::cout << "Assimp importer.ReadFile (Error) -- " << importer.GetErrorString() << "\n"; else { num_meshes = scene->mNumMeshes; mesh_list.resize(num_meshes); std::cout << "\n Start of Assimp Loading Meshes & Analysis"; std::cout << "\n -----------------------------------------"; root_node = scene->mRootNode; std::cout << "\n node->mNumMeshes: " << root_node->mNumMeshes; std::cout << "\n node->mName.C_Str(): " << root_node->mName.C_Str(); std::cout << "\n\n node->mNumChildren: " << root_node->mNumChildren; // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < root_node->mNumChildren; ++i) { std::cout << "\n node->mChildren[i]->mName.C_Str(): " << root_node->mChildren[i]->mName.C_Str(); std::cout << "\n node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes: " << root_node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes; } std::cout << "\n\n scene->HasMaterials(): " << scene->HasMaterials(); // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < scene->mNumMaterials; ++i) std::cout << "\n scene->mMaterials[i]->GetName(): " << scene->mMaterials[i]->GetName().C_Str(); std::cout << "\n\n scene->HasTextures(): " << scene->HasTextures(); aiMesh* mesh{}; int total_num_indices = 0; // (1) Loop through all the model's meshes // ----------------------------------------------------- std::cout << "\n scene->mNumMeshes: " << num_meshes; std::cout << "\n ********************\n"; // --------------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) // In this case... scene->mNumMeshes = node->mChildren[i]->mNumMeshes { mesh_list[i].mesh_num = i; // Fed in to vertex shader as an input attribute (Used to identify and transform meshes independently of one another) mesh = scene->mMeshes[i]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_mesh.html std::cout << "\n\n mesh->mMaterialIndex: " << mesh->mMaterialIndex; std::cout << "\n ----------------------- "; std::cout << "\n mesh->mName.C_Str(): " << mesh->mName.C_Str(); aiMaterial* material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex]; // http://assimp.sourceforge.net/lib_html/structai_material.html std::cout << "\n\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); std::cout << "\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_SPECULAR, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_SPECULAR); std::cout << "\n material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_AMBIENT, tex_count, &string): " << material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_AMBIENT) << "\n\n"; unsigned int tex_count = 0; // This loop will only run once (i.e. there's only 1 texture per mesh) for (; tex_count < material->GetTextureCount(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE); ++tex_count) // The above std::cout reveals that only using: aiTextureType_DIFFUSE { aiString string; material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string); // Acquire the name of the image file to be loaded. std::cout << " material->GetTexture(aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, tex_count, &string): " << string.C_Str() << "\n\n"; // (2) Load mesh [i]'s texture if not already loaded // --------------------------------------------------------------- int already_loaded = is_image_loaded(string.C_Str()); // Returns -1 if texture Not already loaded, otherwise returns Existing texture handle. std::cout << " Loading Image\n"; if (already_loaded == -1) // Image not yet loaded. { bool load_complete = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(string.C_Str(), load_complete); // Notice the UPPER case "C_Str()" if (load_complete) // Although do nothing if the image fails to load. { Texture texture; texture.image_name = string.C_Str(); texture.tex_handle = texture_handle; texture_list.push_back(texture); mesh_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; } } else // Assign existing texture handle. { std::string edited = string.C_Str(); std::size_t position = edited.find_last_of("\\"); std::cout << " Image file: " << edited.substr(position + 1) << " (is already loaded)"; mesh_list[i].tex_handle = already_loaded; } } if (tex_count == 0) { mesh_list[i].tex_handle = 0; // std::cout << " material->GetTexture(...) No image has been applied to this mesh\n\n"; } else std::cout << "\n\n"; for (unsigned int slot = 0; slot < AI_MAX_NUMBER_OF_TEXTURECOORDS; ++slot) std::cout << " mesh->HasTextureCoords(" << slot << "): " << mesh->HasTextureCoords(slot) << "\n"; std::cout << "\n Mesh index: " << i << " (mesh->mNumVertices: " << mesh->mNumVertices << ")"; std::cout << "\n ------------------------------------- "; // (3) Loop through all mesh [i]'s vertices // --------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh->mNumVertices; ++i2) { glm::vec3 position{}; position.x = mesh->mVertices[i2].x; position.y = mesh->mVertices[i2].y; position.z = mesh->mVertices[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_positions.push_back(position); std::cout << "\n Count: " << i2; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].x: " << position.x; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].y: " << position.y; std::cout << "\n mesh->mVertices[" << i2 << "].z: " << position.z; if (mesh->HasNormals()) { glm::vec3 normal{}; normal.x = mesh->mNormals[i2].x; normal.y = mesh->mNormals[i2].y; normal.z = mesh->mNormals[i2].z; mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(normal); std::cout << "\n mesh->mNormals[" << i2 << "] X: " << normal.x << " Y: " << normal.y << " Z: " << normal.z; } else mesh_list[i].vert_normals.push_back(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)); if (mesh->HasTextureCoords(0)) // Above for loop: AI_MAX_NUMBER_OF_TEXTURECOORDS reveals that only slot [0] is in question. { glm::vec2 tex_coords{}; tex_coords.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].x; tex_coords.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i2].y; mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(tex_coords); std::cout << "\n mesh->mTextureCoords[0][" << i2 << "] X: " << tex_coords.x << " Y: " << tex_coords.y; } else mesh_list[i].tex_coords.push_back(glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f)); } std::cout << "\n\n mesh->mNumFaces: " << mesh->mNumFaces << "\n"; std::cout << " ------------------ "; // (4) Loop through all mesh [i]'s Indices // -------------------------------------------------- for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < mesh->mNumFaces; ++i3) { std::cout << "\n"; for (unsigned int i4 = 0; i4 < mesh->mFaces[i3].mNumIndices; ++i4) { std::cout << " mesh->mFaces[" << i3 << "].mIndices[" << i4 << "]: " << mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4] << "\n"; mesh_list[i].vert_indices.push_back(mesh->mFaces[i3].mIndices[i4]); ++total_num_indices; } } std::cout << "\n Total number of indices: " << total_num_indices; std::cout << "\n **************************\n"; total_num_indices = 0; set_buffer_data(i); // Set up: VAO, VBO and EBO. } // Look to see if each mesh's texture handle corresponds correctly to the loaded image // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- std::cout << "\n Look to see if each mesh's texture handle corresponds correctly to the loaded image"; std::cout << "\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"; if (texture_list.size() > 0) for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { std::cout << " image_list[" << i << "].imageID: " << texture_list[i].tex_handle << "... image_list[" << i << "].image_name: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < num_meshes; ++i2) if (texture_list[i].tex_handle == mesh_list[i2].tex_handle) std::cout << " mesh_list[" << i2 << "].tex_handle: " << mesh_list[i2].tex_handle << "\n"; std::cout << "\n"; } else std::cout << " ***** No images have been loaded\n\n"; } } void load_file_name_images(std::vector<Texture>& texture_list) { if (texture_list.size() > 0) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { bool load_success = false; unsigned int texture_handle = load_texture_image(texture_list[i].image_name, load_success); if (load_success) { texture_list[i].tex_handle = texture_handle; // Parameter: "& texture_list" received by reference and changed here. std::cout << " --- load_file_name_images() Successful: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; } else std::cout << " --- load_file_name_images() Failed: " << texture_list[i].image_name << "\n"; } } else std::cout << " ***** No images have been loaded\n\n"; } void combine_meshes_5VBO() { std::cout << " Analysing combined mesh data\n"; std::cout << " ----------------------------"; unsigned int offset = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) // Combine multiple mesh data into 1 set of vectors. { // A straightforward copy of the positions, normals and texture coordinates // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.end(), mesh_list[i].vert_positions.begin(), mesh_list[i].vert_positions.end()); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.end(), mesh_list[i].vert_normals.begin(), mesh_list[i].vert_normals.end()); meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.insert(meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.end(), mesh_list[i].tex_coords.begin(), mesh_list[i].tex_coords.end()); for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); ++i2) // 1 mesh number & 1 sampler position per vertex. { meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.push_back(mesh_list[i].mesh_num); // Use for identifying and transforming meshes independently. bool match_found = false; for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < texture_list.size(); ++i3) if (texture_list[i3].tex_handle == mesh_list[i].tex_handle) // Compare mesh handle to texture list handle. { match_found = true; meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(i3); } if (!match_found) // Note: without assigning some/any pos here in case any of the model meshes don't have a texture applied, then the size of this "sampler_array_pos" results in... meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(0); // ...being too small, and from testing, not surprisingly, the sampler array pos then no longer corresponds correctly. } for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(); ++i2) // Offset by the total number of vertices in previous meshes. meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.push_back(mesh_list[i].vert_indices[i2] + offset); offset += (unsigned int)mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); // Unsigned 32 bit is still over 2 billion. // std::cout << "\n Indices offset: " << offset; } std::cout << "\n\n Meshes combined into vector lists\n"; std::cout << " ---------------------------------\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size() << "\n"; std::cout << " meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(): " << meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() << "\n\n"; } void combine_meshes_1VBO() { std::cout << " Analysing combined mesh data\n"; std::cout << " ----------------------------"; Vertex data{}; data.sampler_array_pos = 0; // Set pos to 0 for when mesh has no texture (See note further down: "data.sampler_array_pos = i3; // Unlike for...") unsigned int offset = 0; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); ++i2) // Add attribute values for every vertex entry. { data.mesh_num = mesh_list[i].mesh_num; // Use for identifying and transforming meshes independently. data.vert_position = mesh_list[i].vert_positions[i2]; data.vert_normal = mesh_list[i].vert_normals[i2]; data.tex_coords = mesh_list[i].tex_coords[i2]; for (unsigned int i3 = 0; i3 < texture_list.size(); ++i3) if (texture_list[i3].tex_handle == mesh_list[i].tex_handle) // Compare mesh handle to texture list handle. data.sampler_array_pos = i3; // Unlike for "meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.push_back(0)", set pos to 0 further up, for if mesh has no texture. meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.push_back(data); // Add vertex to meshes combined. } for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(); ++i2) // Offset by the total number of vertices in previous meshes. meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.push_back(mesh_list[i].vert_indices[i2] + offset); offset += (unsigned int)mesh_list[i].vert_positions.size(); // Unsigned 32 bit is still over 2 billion. // std::cout << "\n Indices offset: " << offset; } std::cout << "\n\n Meshes combined into struct lists\n"; std::cout << " ---------------------------------\n"; std::cout << " meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size(): " << meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() << "\n\n"; } void set_buffer_data(unsigned index) { glGenVertexArrays(1, &mesh_list[index].VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO1); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO2); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].VBO3); glGenBuffers(1, &mesh_list[index].EBO); glBindVertexArray(mesh_list[index].VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO1); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * mesh_list[index].vert_positions.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_positions[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO2); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * mesh_list[index].vert_normals.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_normals[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].VBO3); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec2) * mesh_list[index].tex_coords.size(), &mesh_list[index].tex_coords[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh_list[index].EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * mesh_list[index].vert_indices.size(), &mesh_list[index].vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } void set_buffer_data_combined_5VBO() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO1); // Alternative to using 5 separate VBOs... see function: set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO() glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO2); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO3); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO4); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO5); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_5VBO_combined.EBO); glBindVertexArray(meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO1); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO2); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec3) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO3); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::vec2) * meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // Mesh Number // ------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO4); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, (void*)0); // (Notice the "I") // Sampler Array Position // ------------------------------ glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.VBO5); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(4); glVertexAttribIPointer(4, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, (void*)0); // (Notice the "I") // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_5VBO_combined.EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), &meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } void set_buffer_data_combined_1VBO() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.VBO); glGenBuffers(1, &meshes_1VBO_combined.EBO); glBindVertexArray(meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); // Vertex Positions // --------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.VBO); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Void pointer below is for legacy reasons. Two possible meanings: "offset for buffer objects" & "address for client state arrays" glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0); // Vertex Normals // -------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, vert_normal)); // Texture Coordinates // --------------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, tex_coords)); // Mesh Number // ------------------- glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); glVertexAttribIPointer(3, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, mesh_num)); // Notice the "I" // Sampler Array Position // ------------------------------ glEnableVertexAttribArray(4); glVertexAttribIPointer(4, 1, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, sampler_array_pos)); // Notice the "I" // Indices for: glDrawElements() // --------------------------------------- glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, meshes_1VBO_combined.EBO); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(unsigned int) * meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), &meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW); glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } int is_image_loaded(std::string image_path) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) if (image_path.compare(texture_list[i].image_name) == 0) return texture_list[i].tex_handle; return -1; } unsigned int load_texture_image(std::string image_path, bool& load_complete) { // stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(1); // Call this function if the image is upside-down. std::size_t position = image_path.find_last_of("\\"); image_path = "Images\\" + image_path.substr(position + 1); int width, height, num_components; unsigned char* image_data = stbi_load(image_path.c_str(), &width, &height, &num_components, 0); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); // Reset to OpenGL's default texture unit 0 (Although not actually necessary because models are loaded 1st) unsigned int tex_handle; glGenTextures(1, &tex_handle); if (image_data) { GLenum format{}; if (num_components == 1) format = GL_RED; else if (num_components == 3) format = GL_RGB; else if (num_components == 4) format = GL_RGBA; glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_handle); glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); // Recommended by NVIDIA Rep: https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/875205/opengl/how-does-gl_unpack_alignment-work-/ glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image_data); glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D); // https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenGL-Refpages/gl4/html/glTexParameter.xhtml // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Use: GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE if drawing the skybox cube via this load meshes class instead of drawing it via the cubemap skybox class (otherwise hairline seams are visible) // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); // GL_REPEAT... GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT... GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE... GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER. glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); // GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE... is for manually created Blender imported skybox. // float border_colour[] = {0.45, 0.55, 0.95}; // glTexParameterfv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR, border_colour); // For above when using: GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR); // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); // GL_NEAREST... GL_LINEAR... GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST (See above link for full list) glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); // GL_NEAREST or GL_LINEAR. // glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST); load_complete = true; stbi_image_free(image_data); std::cout << " Image loaded OK: " << image_path; } else { load_complete = false; stbi_image_free(image_data); std::cout << " Image failed to load: " << image_path; } return tex_handle; } void draw_multiple_meshes(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 0); glUniform1i(draw_multiple_meshes_sampler_pos0_val, 0); // Make sure sampler array is at position 0: image[0] used in fragment shader, is set to 0. glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_meshes; ++i) { glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, i); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mesh_list[i].tex_handle); // Bind texture for the current mesh. glBindVertexArray(mesh_list[i].VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)mesh_list[i].vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } } void draw_meshes_combined_5VBO(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 1); // If-statement in fragment shader. glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, -1); if (binary_version_found) populate_sampler_array(meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list); else populate_sampler_array(texture_list); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); glBindVertexArray(meshes_5VBO_combined.VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } void draw_meshes_combined_1VBO(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glUniform1i(meshes_combined_loc, 1); // If-statement in fragment shader. glUniform1i(rendering_multiple_meshes_loc, -1); if (binary_version_found) populate_sampler_array(meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list); else populate_sampler_array(texture_list); glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); glBindVertexArray(meshes_1VBO_combined.VAO); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, (GLsizei)meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); glBindVertexArray(0); } void populate_sampler_array(std::vector<Texture> texture_list) { for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_list[i].tex_handle); glUniform1i(texture_list[i].sampler_location, i); } } bool look_for_model_5VBO(std::string read_path) { bool file_not_found = false; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << "\n Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_positions.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_normals.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_tex_coords.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_indices.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_mesh_num.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_image_names.txt: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); if (file_not_found) return false; return true; } void write_model_files_5VBO(std::string write_path) { std::string file_name; std::ofstream vert_data; // Write data. std::size_t position = write_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = write_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.size() * 3 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.size() * 3 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.size() * 2 * sizeof(float)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0]), meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); std::string names_to_file; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { names_to_file += texture_list[i].image_name; names_to_file += "\n"; } // file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_to_file[0]), names_to_file.size() * sizeof(char)); vert_data.close(); } void read_model_files_5VBO(std::string read_path) { std::string file_name; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. size_t vector_bytes_size = 0; size_t vector_index_size = 0; std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = model_name; // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_positions.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_positions[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_normals.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_normals[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_tex_coords.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (2 * sizeof(float)); meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.tex_coords[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_mesh_num.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.mesh_num[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_sampler_array_pos.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_5VBO_combined.sampler_array_pos[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- // file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); file_name = "Model Data 5VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(char); std::string names_from_file; names_from_file.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_from_file[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); const char* all_names = names_from_file.c_str(); std::string single_name; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < names_from_file.size(); ++i) { if (*all_names != '\n') single_name += *all_names; else { Texture texture; texture.image_name = single_name; texture.tex_handle = 0; // Temporary value. Gets overridden in: load_file_name_images() meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list.push_back(texture); single_name.clear(); } ++all_names; } /*for (unsigned int i = 0; i < meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list.size(); ++i) std::cout << "\n Retrieved names: " << meshes_5VBO_combined.texture_list[i].image_name << "\n";*/ } bool look_for_model_1VBO(std::string read_path) { bool file_not_found = false; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << "\n Detecting: " << model_name + "_vertex_data.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_vert_indices.bin: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); vert_data.open("Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt", std::ios::in); std::cout << " Detecting: " << model_name + "_image_names.txt: " << vert_data.is_open() << "\n"; if (!vert_data.is_open()) { file_not_found = true; } vert_data.close(); if (file_not_found) return false; return true; } void write_model_files_1VBO(std::string write_path) { std::string file_name; std::ofstream vert_data; // Write data. std::size_t position = write_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = write_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0]), meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.size() * sizeof(Vertex)); vert_data.close(); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int)); vert_data.close(); std::string names_to_file; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < texture_list.size(); ++i) { names_to_file += texture_list[i].image_name; names_to_file += "\n"; } // file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::out); vert_data.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_to_file[0]), names_to_file.size() * sizeof(char)); vert_data.close(); } void read_model_files_1VBO(std::string read_path) { std::string file_name; std::ifstream vert_data; // Read data. size_t vector_bytes_size = 0; size_t vector_index_size = 0; std::size_t position = read_path.find_last_of("\\"); std::string model_name = read_path.substr(position + 1); file_name = model_name; // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vertex_data.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / (3 * sizeof(float)); meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vertex_data[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_vert_indices.bin"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(unsigned int); meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&meshes_1VBO_combined.vert_indices[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); // ------------------- // file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.bin"; // vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate); file_name = "Model Data 1VBO/" + model_name + "_image_names.txt"; vert_data.open(file_name, std::ios::in | std::ios::ate); vector_bytes_size = vert_data.tellg(); vector_index_size = vector_bytes_size / sizeof(char); std::string names_from_file; names_from_file.resize(vector_index_size); vert_data.seekg(std::ios::beg); vert_data.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&names_from_file[0]), vector_bytes_size); vert_data.close(); const char* all_names = names_from_file.c_str(); std::string single_name; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < names_from_file.size(); ++i) { if (*all_names != '\n') single_name += *all_names; else { Texture texture; texture.image_name = single_name; texture.tex_handle = 0; // Temporary value. Gets overridden in: load_file_name_images() meshes_1VBO_combined.texture_list.push_back(texture); single_name.clear(); } ++all_names; } } };
#pragma once // Set GLFW Callback Function Pointer (See 1st answer) https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/71721/how-can-i-forward-glfws-keyboard-input-to-another-object class Callback_Functions // Set in main: "Callback_Functions callback_state(window_params, player, light_source_0)" { public: Callback_Functions(Player& player, Shadow& light_source_0, Window_Params& window_params) : player(player), light_source(light_source_0), window_params(window_params) { glfwSetKeyCallback(window_params.window, key_callback); // https://www.glfw.org/docs/3.3/input_guide.html glfwSetCharCallback(window_params.window, character_callback); glfwSetMouseButtonCallback(window_params.window, mouse_button_callback); glfwSetScrollCallback(window_params.window, scroll_callback); glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window_params.window, cursor_position_callback); glfwSetCursorEnterCallback(window_params.window, cursor_enter_callback); glfwSetJoystickCallback(joystick_callback); // --------------------------------------------------- glfwSetWindowSizeCallback(window_params.window, window_size_callback); // https://www.glfw.org/docs/3.3/window_guide.html glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window_params.window, framebuffer_size_callback); glfwSetWindowPosCallback(window_params.window, window_pos_callback); glfwSetWindowMaximizeCallback(window_params.window, window_maximize_callback); } private: Player& player; Shadow& light_source; Window_Params& window_params; static void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods) { // Set in: main() "glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window_params.window, &callback_state)" // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); // RELEASE events are currently not being used here. // Values can be set directly in here within the callback functions, or by calling some player class function as done further down. if (key == GLFW_KEY_Q) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) // Light's vertical position value. state->light_source.light_pos.y += 0.45f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_A) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) state->light_source.light_pos.y -= 0.45f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_X) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) { glm::mat4 rotate_light(1.0f); rotate_light = glm::rotate(rotate_light, glm::radians(5.0f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)); state->light_source.light_pos = rotate_light * glm::vec4(state->light_source.light_pos, 1.0f); } if (key == GLFW_KEY_Z) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) { glm::mat4 rotate_light(1.0f); rotate_light = glm::rotate(rotate_light, glm::radians(-5.0f), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)); state->light_source.light_pos = rotate_light * glm::vec4(state->light_source.light_pos, 1.0f); } if (key == GLFW_KEY_G) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) // Light's far-plane position value. state->light_source.far_plane -= 0.5f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_H) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) state->light_source.far_plane += 0.5f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_V) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) // Light's near-plane position value. state->light_source.near_plane -= 0.5f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_B) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) state->light_source.near_plane += 0.5f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_1) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) // Light's FOV value. state->light_source.light_FOV -= 0.75f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_2) if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) state->light_source.light_FOV += 0.75f; if (key == GLFW_KEY_SPACE) { if (action == GLFW_PRESS || action == GLFW_REPEAT) state->player.halt_yaw_tilt = true; else state->player.halt_yaw_tilt = false; } if (key == GLFW_KEY_F && action == GLFW_PRESS) { state->window_params.in_fullscreen_mode = true; glfwSetWindowMonitor(window, glfwGetPrimaryMonitor(), NULL, NULL, state->window_params.monitor_width, state->window_params.monitor_height, state->window_params.mode->refreshRate); glfwSwapInterval(1); // Set VSync rate 1:1 with monitor's refresh rate. } if (key == GLFW_KEY_W && action == GLFW_PRESS) { state->window_params.in_fullscreen_mode = false; glfwSetWindowMonitor(window, NULL, state->window_params.width_offset, state->window_params.height_offset, state->window_params.curr_window_width, state->window_params.curr_window_height, state->window_params.mode->refreshRate); glfwSwapInterval(1); } } static void character_callback(GLFWwindow* window, unsigned int codepoint) { } static void mouse_button_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int button, int action, int mods) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); state->player.yaw_tilt_rotate_around_centre(button, action, mods); } static void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); state->player.camera_zoom(yoffset); // Offset values are either -1 or 1 (occasionally +/- 2 or 3) } static void cursor_position_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); state->player.yaw_tilt_mouse_val(xpos, ypos); } static void cursor_enter_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int entered) { // std::cout << "\n\n Cursor has entred or left the window's content area\n"; } static void joystick_callback(int joy_id, int joy_event) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetJoystickUserPointer(joy_id)); // https://github.com/glfw/glfw/issues/2092 (BUG!) if (state) state->player.joystick_connection_event(joy_id, joy_event); else std::cout << "\n glfwGetJoystickUserPointer() has returned a null pointer\n"; } static void window_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); state->player.update_project_matrix(width, height); // Width and height are used for the screen aspect ratio. if ( ! state->window_params.in_fullscreen_mode) { state->window_params.curr_window_width = width; // Used to set the window to the last known window size when exiting full-screen mode. state->window_params.curr_window_height = height; } } static void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); state->window_params.frame_buffer_width = width; // These are passed from the main-loop to: glViewport() within the draw-call functions within: load_meshes_binary.h state->window_params.frame_buffer_height = height; } static void window_pos_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int xpos, int ypos) { Callback_Functions* state = static_cast<Callback_Functions*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); if ( ! state->window_params.in_fullscreen_mode) // Note that this callback's xpos & ypos are: window upper-left position values. glfwGetWindowPos(window, &state->window_params.width_offset, &state->window_params.height_offset); // Set by reference: upper-left offset values. } static void window_maximize_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int maximized) { std::cout << "\n Window size has been maximized"; } };
#pragma once class Skybox // https://developer.download.nvidia.com/assets/gamedev/docs/CubeMaps.pdf { private: Shader& shader; Player& player; glm::mat4 skybox_position; glm::mat4 skybox_rotate = glm::mat4(1.0f); glm::mat4 skybox_scale = glm::mat4(1.0f); unsigned skybox_position_loc; unsigned skybox_rotate_loc; unsigned skybox_scale_loc; unsigned player_proj_view_loc; // 35 FOV provides minimal distortion at the sides (which is perhaps more noticeable for the skybox) (below 30 provides virtually zero distortion) float FOV = 70.0f; float far_plane = 750.0f; float near_plane = 1.0f; glm::mat4 skybox_own_proj_mat; // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22277063/glsl-texture-mapping-max-number-of-textures int texture_unit = 31; // Index 30 and below are being used for lights and models (see relevant class comments for more info) unsigned VAO, VBO, tex_handle; float vtx = 350.0f; // ***Size doesn't matter*** but the main scene won't be visible (for default camera position) if vtx is much smaller than 350 (if depth testing isn't commented that is. E.G. when experimenting) // Vertex positions are also used as the texture coordinates (but 3 values this time instead of just 2) to become the cubemap direction vector used in the fragment shader. // https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Cubemap_Texture "The texture coordinate used to access a cubemap is a 3D direction vector which represents a direction from the center of the cube to the value to be accessed" float skybox_vertices[108] = // 108 floats (36 vertices) { -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, -vtx, vtx, vtx, -vtx, vtx }; std::vector<std::string> face_images // Cubemap image converter: https://jaxry.github.io/panorama-to-cubemap/ { //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k px.png", // Right //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k nx.png", // Left //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k py.png", // Top //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k ny.png", // Down //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k pz.png", // Far-face in object space. //"Skybox Face Images/wooden motel 16k nz.png" // Near-face in object space. "Skybox Face Images/px.png", // Right "Skybox Face Images/nx.png", // Left "Skybox Face Images/py.png", // Top "Skybox Face Images/ny.png", // Down "Skybox Face Images/pz.png", // Far-face in object space. "Skybox Face Images/nz.png" // Near-face in object space. // Layer number -- Cubemap face // ----------------------------------------- // 0 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X.... Right // 1 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X... Left // 2 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y..... Top // 3 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y... Bottom // 4 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z.... Far-face in object space. // 5 GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z... Near-face in object space. }; public: Skybox(Shader& shader, Player& player) : shader(shader), player(player) { set_buffer_data(); load_cubemap_texture_images(face_images); unsigned int skybox_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "skybox"); glUniform1i(skybox_loc, texture_unit); skybox_rotate_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "skybox_rotate"); skybox_scale_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "skybox_scale"); player_proj_view_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "player_proj_view"); skybox_position_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "skybox_position"); skybox_position = glm::mat4(1.0f); skybox_position = glm::translate(skybox_position, player.curr_camera_position); glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_position_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_position)); // Initially set the skybox position to the player's camera position. skybox_own_proj_mat = glm::perspective(glm::radians(FOV), player.screen_aspect_ratio, near_plane, far_plane); } void keys_control_skybox_size(GLFWwindow* window) { int key3 = glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_3); int key4 = glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_4); if (key3 == GLFW_PRESS) skybox_rotate = glm::rotate(skybox_rotate, glm::radians(1.0f), glm::vec3(0, 0, 1)); if (key4 == GLFW_PRESS) skybox_rotate = glm::rotate(skybox_rotate, glm::radians(-1.0f), glm::vec3(0, 0, 1)); int key6 = glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_6); int key7 = glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_7); if (key6 == GLFW_PRESS) skybox_scale = glm::scale(skybox_scale, glm::vec3(0.99f, 0.99f, 0.99f)); if (key7 == GLFW_PRESS) skybox_scale = glm::scale(skybox_scale, glm::vec3(1.01f, 1.01f, 1.01f)); glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_rotate_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_rotate)); glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_scale_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_scale)); } void draw_skybox(unsigned buffer_width, unsigned buffer_height) { glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // Makes the models (if drawn after the skybox) render over (rub out) the skybox. Typically enable this because you'll want to still see the models when obscured by the skybox. // glDepthMask(GL_FALSE); // Avoids having to remember to set the original depth function. // glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL); // Can be used with: "vec4(aPos, 1.0)).xyww" // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Don't use this "glDepthFunc()" method, whereby the skybox is drawn last, else the transparency won't see the skybox... E.G. the light model's near-plane & far-plane transparency is set in the fragment shader. skybox_position = glm::mat4(1.0f); skybox_position = glm::translate(skybox_position, player.curr_camera_position); // glUniformMatrix4fv(skybox_position_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_position)); // Commenting this line will keep the skybox at the player's initial camera position (only applies to option 1 as below) glViewport(0, 0, buffer_width, buffer_height); glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "view"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player.view)); // Separate view and projection are being used simply to test: mat3(view) via: view_mat3, in skybox vertex shader. glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player.projection)); glUniformMatrix4fv(player_proj_view_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player.view_projection)); // Option 1 (Update the player's view of the skybox to use the Player's view projection matrix of the main scene) // glUniformMatrix4fv(player_proj_view_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(player.projection * glm::mat4(glm::mat3(player.view)))); // Option 2 // glUniformMatrix4fv(player_proj_view_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(skybox_own_proj_mat * glm::mat4(glm::mat3(player.view)))); // Option 3 glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texture_unit); // Activating and binding the texture here is actually unnecessary because this "samplerCube" skybox has its own shader. glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, tex_handle); glBindVertexArray(VAO); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36); // Comment if using "attributeless rendering" // glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); // Uncomment if using "attributeless rendering" (see notes in vertex shader) glBindVertexArray(0); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // Re-enable depth testing. // glDepthMask(GL_TRUE); // glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); } private: void set_buffer_data() { glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); // Comment this section if using "attributeless rendering" (see notes in vertex shader) (also comment GL_TRIANGLES in: draw_skybox()) // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- glGenBuffers(1, &VBO); glBindVertexArray(VAO); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(skybox_vertices), &skybox_vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0); // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind VAO } void load_cubemap_texture_images(std::vector<std::string> face_images) { glGenTextures(1, &tex_handle); glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texture_unit); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, tex_handle); glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); // Recommended by NVIDIA Rep: https://forums.developer.nvidia.com/t/how-does-gl-unpack-alignment-work/39432 for (unsigned i = 0; i < face_images.size(); ++i) { int width, height, num_components; unsigned char* image_data = stbi_load(face_images[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &num_components, 0); if (image_data) { GLenum format{}; if (num_components == 1) format = GL_RED; else if (num_components == 3) // JPG images require GL_RGB format = GL_RGB; else if (num_components == 4) // PNG images require GL_RGBA format = GL_RGBA; glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image_data); std::cout << " Cubemap texture image loaded successfully: " << face_images[i] << "\n"; } else std::cout << " Cubemap texture image failed to load: " << face_images[i] << "\n"; stbi_image_free(image_data); } std::cout << "\n"; // Option 1 (Without Mipmaps) // --------------------------------------- glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); /*glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);*/ glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_LINEAR); // Option 2 (Using Mipmaps) https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Cubemap_Texture // "Cubemaps may have mipmaps, but each face must have the same number of mipmaps. Cubemaps can use any of the filtering modes and other texture parameters." // Note: "glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_SEAMLESS);" is enabled in: window_params.h // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /*glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);*/ glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); } };
#version 420 core layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos; // Attribute data: vertex(s) X, Y, Z position via VBO set up on the CPU side. layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal; layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoord; layout (location = 3) in unsigned int aMeshNum; // Use this for identifying and transforming meshes independently. layout (location = 4) in unsigned int aSamplerPos; // This is passed directly to the fragment shader. out vec3 vert_pos_varying; // Vertex position coordinates passed to the fragment shader as interpolated per-vertex. out vec3 vert_pos_transformed; // Transformed cube vertex position coordinates also passed as interpolated. out vec3 vertex_normal; out vec2 texture_coordinates; out vec4 light_view_vert_pos[10]; // Transform the vertex position for each light view and pass to the fragment shader. uniform mat4 light_view_matrix[10]; // This is: projection * view. uniform unsigned int light_count; uniform unsigned int light_ID; flat out unsigned int mesh_number; // Can be used to identify and transform meshes independently of one another. flat out unsigned int sampler_array_pos; uniform unsigned int model_number; uniform bool rendering_shadow_map; uniform int rendering_multiple_meshes; uniform mat4 camera_far_plane[10]; uniform mat4 camera_near_plane[10]; uniform mat4 transform_light_pos_mat[10]; // Used only during the specific draw call for the light model (or its frustum) being rendered. uniform mat4 spin_on_the_spot_mat; uniform mat4 player_proj_view; // projection * view. // Skybox position... and also the scale and explode matrices, are only used for when drawing the skybox via the load meshes class instead of via the cubemap skybox class. uniform mat4 skybox_position; uniform mat4 skybox_scale; uniform float skybox_explode; void main() { if (rendering_multiple_meshes == -1) mesh_number = aMeshNum; // Receive mesh number via input attribute. else mesh_number = rendering_multiple_meshes; // For draw method option 0... Receive mesh number via uniform. mat4 model_matrix = mat4(1.0); if (model_number == 0) model_matrix = spin_on_the_spot_mat; if (model_number == 1) {} // Main scene... do nothing. if (model_number == 2 || model_number == 3) // Lights. { model_matrix = transform_light_pos_mat[light_ID]; if (mesh_number == 0) model_matrix = model_matrix * camera_far_plane[light_ID]; // Move along local axis. if (mesh_number == 3) model_matrix = model_matrix * camera_near_plane[light_ID]; } if (model_number == 4) model_matrix = transform_light_pos_mat[light_ID]; // ------------------------------------------------------------------- mat3 normal_matrix = transpose(inverse(mat3(model_matrix))); vertex_normal = normal_matrix * aNormal; if (length(vertex_normal) > 0) vertex_normal = normalize(vertex_normal); // Never try to normalise zero vectors (0,0,0) // ------------------------------------------------------------------- vec3 vert_pos = aPos; // Copy vertex input attribute to a variable so that it can be modified. if (model_number == 5) // For when drawing the skybox cube via the load meshes class... its model number is set to 5 { // vert_pos += camera_position_offset; // Move skybox with player's camera position to keep the view centred. vert_pos += vertex_normal * skybox_explode; // Move each of the 6 sides in the direction of their normal vector. model_matrix = model_matrix * skybox_position * skybox_scale; } // ------------------------------------------------------------------- vert_pos_varying = vert_pos; // Send aPos vertex position values to fragment shader, which can be used as colour values instead of using texture images. vert_pos_transformed = vec3(model_matrix * vec4(vert_pos, 1.0)); // Send transformed position values, which are used for the lighting effects. if (rendering_shadow_map) gl_Position = light_view_matrix[light_ID] * model_matrix * vec4(vert_pos, 1.0); // Render shadow map. else { texture_coordinates = aTexCoord; sampler_array_pos = aSamplerPos; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < light_count; ++i) light_view_vert_pos[i] = light_view_matrix[i] * model_matrix * vec4(vert_pos, 1.0); gl_Position = player_proj_view * model_matrix * vec4(vert_pos, 1.0); // Output to vertex stream for the "Vertex Post-Processing" stage. } }
#version 420 core out vec4 fragment_colour; // Must be the exact same name as declared in the vertex shader // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in vec3 vert_pos_varying; // Vertex position coordinates received from the fragment shader as interpolated per-vertex. in vec3 vert_pos_transformed; // Transformed cube vertex position coordinates also received as interpolated. in vec3 vertex_normal; in vec2 texture_coordinates; flat in unsigned int mesh_number; // Can be used to set the fragment colours of meshes independently of one another. flat in unsigned int sampler_array_pos; // Used to select the correct image from the images[] array. in vec4 light_view_vert_pos[10]; uniform vec3 light_position[10]; uniform sampler2D shadow_map[10]; uniform unsigned int light_count; uniform unsigned int light_ID; uniform sampler2D images[32]; // Array of sampler images (although up to 80 is OK for OpenGL 4.0 and above) uniform unsigned int model_number; uniform bool rendering_shadow_map; uniform bool meshes_combined; uniform vec3 camera_position; // Players view position which is set in: player_control.h void main() { if (rendering_shadow_map) { if (model_number == 4) // Don't render the frustum during the shadow map run. discard; if (model_number == 2 || model_number == 3) // Lights 1 and 2... likewise don't allow near and far planes to cast shadows. if (mesh_number == 0 || mesh_number == 3) discard; // gl_FragDepth = gl_FragCoord.z; // This effectively happens automatically within the graphics pipeline, so no need to uncomment. } else { vec3 view_direction = normalize(camera_position - vert_pos_transformed); unsigned int index = 0; // -------------------------- if (meshes_combined) index = sampler_array_pos; vec4 image_colour = texture(images[index], texture_coordinates); float pcf_depth; for (unsigned int i = 0; i < light_count; ++i) { if (model_number == 4) // Rendering the frustum. { if (light_ID == 0 && i == 1) // For light 0... exit the for-loop or else processing light 1 crops light 0's frustum. break; if (light_ID == 1 && i == 0) // Likewise... ignore the loop 1st iteration or else light 0 crops light 1's frustum. continue; } vec3 vec_pos_ndc = light_view_vert_pos[i].xyz / light_view_vert_pos[i].w; // For an orthographic projection matrix the: / w... simply has no effect because it remains at 1. // Self shadowing... Note that the terms "shadow acne" and "erroneous self-shadowing" are used synonymously // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Ideally the bias values set below should change dynamically based on various parameters. // Additional techniques can also be used. For example: calculating a tight projection, cascading shadow maps, and more. // Particularly the light's near-plane distance should be kept as close as possible to the objects casting shadows, but also the far-plane. // https://developer.nvidia.com/content/depth-precision-visualized (Includes graphs to help explain the nature of the... 1/z depth buffer) // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60195019/why-is-the-z-coordinate-flipped-after-multiplying-with-a-matrix-in-glsl-opengl (Now Z+ is into the screen) vec3 converted_coords = vec_pos_ndc * 0.5 + 0.5; // Convert XY [-1, 1] NDC to [0, 1] Texture... also Z [-1, 1] NDC to [0, 1] Depth buffer. vec3 light_direction = normalize((light_position[i] - vert_pos_transformed)); // A position used as a light source acts as a point light (Not a directional light) float bias = max(0.025 * (1.0 - dot(vertex_normal, light_direction)), 0.005); // Slope scale depth bias (original values were set to: 0.025 and 0.005) // bias = 0; // Make sure this is commented (use for testing purposes only) vec2 texel_size = 1.0 / textureSize(shadow_map[i], 0); float shadow_texels = 0; int steps = 1; // Set PCF shadow softening amount. for (int x = -steps; x <= steps; ++x) { for (int y = -steps; y <= steps; ++y) { pcf_depth = texture(shadow_map[i], converted_coords.xy + (vec2(x, y) * texel_size)).r; shadow_texels += converted_coords.z - bias > pcf_depth ? 1.0 : 0.0; // Depth buffer is +Z into screen (see 2nd post in the link at the bottom for explanation about camera Z direction) // Restrict shadows to inside the frustum // --------------------------------------------------- // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) // shadow_texels = 0.0; // Set above 0 (above 0.5 starts to become noticeable depending on "steps" value) to cast shadows everywhere apart from inside the frustum. } } // Shadow factor range: [0 = no shadow, 1 = full shadow] E.G. steps = 2... for-loops: 5 iterations each = 25 / ( ((2 * 2) + 1) * ((2 * 2) + 1) = 25 ) = 1.0 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- float shadow_factor = shadow_texels / ( ((steps * 2) + 1) * ((steps * 2) + 1) ); float light_percent = 0.25; // Decrease this value according to how many lights there are... or even use: "model_number" to set each light's brightness individually. float lighting_multiplier = light_percent - (shadow_factor * 0.20); // Comment to cast shadows beyond near and far planes (Only effective if the above "Restrict shadows to inside the frustum" is commented) // ------------------------------------------------------------------------ if (converted_coords.z > 1.0) lighting_multiplier = light_percent; vec4 ambient_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * image_colour.rgb, 1.0); float diffuse_angle = max(dot(light_direction, vertex_normal), -0.05); // [-1.0 to 0] down to -1 results in darker lighting past 90 degrees. vec4 diffuse_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * diffuse_angle * image_colour.rgb, 1.0); vec3 specular_colour = vec3(0.65, 0.65, 0.65); vec3 reflect_direction = normalize(reflect(-light_direction, vertex_normal)); // Light direction is negated here. float specular_strength = pow(max(dot(view_direction, reflect_direction), 0), 64); vec4 specular_result = vec4(lighting_multiplier * specular_colour * specular_strength, 1.0); // Incrementally add each light's lighting and shadowing effect to "fragment_colour" // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Only apply lighting and shadowing to within the frustums // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) fragment_colour += ambient_result; // Disable this if-statement to disable this restriction. else fragment_colour += ambient_result + diffuse_result + specular_result; // Always leave this line enabled. if (model_number == 2 || model_number == 3) // Light 1 and light 2 { if (mesh_number == 0 || mesh_number == 3) // Set near and far-plane colour tints and transparency. { // discard; // Uncomment to not draw the planes. if (light_ID == 0) fragment_colour.r *= 10; if (light_ID == 1) fragment_colour.b *= 10; fragment_colour.a = 0.25; } if (mesh_number == 2) fragment_colour = vec4(0.85, 0.85, 0.85, 1.0); // Set shadow camera front face to a solid colour. } if (model_number == 1 && mesh_number == 0) // Main scene floor. { // Note: for 2 lights (or more) ... the code requires modifying if wanting to display both frustums Z colour values simultaneously (currently the last light overrides all previous for-loop iterations) // if ((vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.90 && vec_pos_ndc.z <= 1.001) && pcf_depth != 1.0) // pcf_depth != 1.0 restricts it to inside the frustum. // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(1.0, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.90 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.80 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.70, 0.25, 0.15, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.80 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.70 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.5, 0.45, 0.10, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.70 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.60 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.3, 0.65, 0.05, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.z <= 0.60 && vec_pos_ndc.z > 0.50 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour =lighting_multiplier * (1 / light_percent) * vec4(0.1, 0.95, 0.0, 1.0); // --------------------------------------------------------------------------- // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 0.985 && vec_pos_ndc.x < 0.999 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // Simply adds narrow strips to the sides of the frustum. // fragment_colour = vec4(0.15, 0.25, 0.95, 1.0); // if (vec_pos_ndc.x < -0.985 && vec_pos_ndc.x > -0.999 && pcf_depth != 1.0) // fragment_colour = vec4(0.15, 0.25, 0.95, 1.0); } if (model_number == 4) // Frustum. { discard; // Uncomment to not draw the frustums. // if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 ||vec_pos_ndc.z > 1) // Works for Perspective. if (vec_pos_ndc.x > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.x < -1 || vec_pos_ndc.y > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.y < -1 ||vec_pos_ndc.z > 1 || vec_pos_ndc.z < -1) // Works for Orthographic and Perspective. discard; if (light_ID == 0) fragment_colour = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.025); // Transparent red. if (light_ID == 1) fragment_colour = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.025); // Transparent blue. } } if (model_number == 5) // Skybox if imported from Blender will be model number 5 fragment_colour = texture(images[index], texture_coordinates); // If skybox is being loaded as a cube from Blender then disregard all lighting and simply apply texture image directly. } }
#version 420 core layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos; // Attribute data: vertex(s) X, Y, Z position via VBO set up on the CPU side. out vec3 tex_coord_dir; // The 3D Direction vector is simply the vertex's aPos position value. uniform mat4 skybox_position; uniform mat4 player_proj_view; // projection * view. uniform mat4 skybox_rotate; uniform mat4 skybox_scale; void main() { tex_coord_dir = vec3(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z); // Negate X here if you get a mirror-image-like result. gl_Position = player_proj_view * skybox_position * skybox_rotate * skybox_scale * vec4(aPos, 1.0); // Output to vertex stream for the "Vertex Post-Processing" stage. } //#version 420 core // //out vec3 tex_coord_dir; //uniform mat4 player_proj_view; // projection * view. // //uniform mat4 view; // Separate view and projection are being used simply to test: mat3(view) via: view_mat3, as below. //uniform mat4 projection; // //uniform mat4 skybox_rotate; //uniform mat4 skybox_scale; // //void main() //{ // // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30015940/why-dont-people-use-tetrahedrons-for-skyboxes (Code below was posted by: Derhass) // // Bitwise operations applied to: gl_VertexID integers 0, 1, 2 and 3... produce X, Y values: (0, 1) (0, -1) (1, 1) (1, -1) // // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // vec2 pos = vec2((gl_VertexID & 2) >> 1, 1 - (gl_VertexID & 1)) * 2 - 1; // * 2 - 1 Converts to range [-1, 1] (NDC Cube X, Y value) (attributeless rendering) // // // Calculate the texture coordinates direction vector // // ----------------------------------------------------------------- // // Step 1 of 3... Transform NDC cube near-face and far-face to clip space (1 NDC near-corner and its opposite far-corner per shader iteration) // // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // // vec4 clip_space_near = inverse(player_proj_view) * vec4(pos, -1.0, 1.0); // Corresponds to near-plane. // // vec4 clip_space_far = inverse(player_proj_view) * vec4(pos, 1.0, 1.0); // Corresponds to far-plane. // // mat4 view_mat3 = mat4(mat3(view)); // The view position has no affect on the resulting direction vector (but using "player_proj_view" makes sense because zeroing the positional values isn't actually necessary) // // vec4 clip_space_near = inverse(projection * view_mat3) * vec4(pos, -1.0, 1.0); // Corresponds to near-plane. // vec4 clip_space_far = inverse(projection * view_mat3) * vec4(pos, 1.0, 1.0); // Corresponds to far-plane. // // // Note: the player's view matrix results in a rotated samplerCube direction vector. // // // Step 2 of 3... Perform perspective division (convert to object space) // // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // vec3 near_plane_vert = clip_space_near.xyz / clip_space_near.w; // vec3 far_plane_vert = clip_space_far.xyz / clip_space_far.w; // // // Step 3 of 3... The 4 direction vectors converge at the camera position // // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // tex_coord_dir = far_plane_vert - near_plane_vert; // Per shader iteration... this is a single "samplerCube" direction vector (corresponds to 1 full-screen quad vertex) // gl_Position = skybox_rotate * skybox_scale * vec4(pos, 1.0, 1.0); //}
#version 420 core in vec3 tex_coord_dir; // Cubemap 3D direction vector. out vec4 fragment_colour; uniform samplerCube skybox; // 6 images for cube faces. void main() { fragment_colour = texture(skybox, tex_coord_dir); }